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Matsuo Bashō
, born , then , was the most famous poet of the Edo period in Japan. During his lifetime, Bashō was recognized for his works in the collaborative ''haikai no renga'' form; today, after centuries of commentary, he is recognized as the greatest master of haiku (then called hokku). Matsuo Bashō's poetry is internationally renowned; and, in Japan, many of his poems are reproduced on monuments and traditional sites. Although Bashō is justifiably famous in the West for his hokku, he himself believed his best work lay in leading and participating in renku. He is quoted as saying, “Many of my followers can write hokku as well as I can. Where I show who I really am is in linking haikai verses.”〔Drake, Chris. 'Bashō’s “Cricket Sequence” as English Literature', in ''Journal of Renga & Renku'', Issue 2, 2012. p7〕
Bashō was introduced to poetry young, and after integrating himself into the intellectual scene of Edo (modern Tokyo) he quickly became well known throughout Japan. He made a living as a teacher; but then renounced the social, urban life of the literary circles and was inclined to wander throughout the country, heading west, east, and far into the northern wilderness to gain inspiration for his writing. His poems were influenced by his firsthand experience of the world around him, often encapsulating the feeling of a scene in a few simple elements.
==Early life==
Bashō was born in 1644, near Ueno, in Iga Province.〔Kokusai 1948, p. 246〕 His father may have been a low-ranking samurai, which would have promised Bashō a career in the military, but not much chance of a notable life. His biographers traditionally claimed that he worked in the kitchens.〔Carter 1997, p. 62〕 However, as a child, Bashō became a servant to : together they shared a love for ''haikai no renga'', a form of collaborative poetry composition.〔Ueda 1982, p.20〕 A sequence was opened with a verse in 5-7-5 mora format; this verse was named a ''hokku'', and would centuries later be renamed ''haiku'' when presented as a stand-alone work. The ''hokku'' would be followed by a related 7-7 mora verse by another poet. Both Bashō and Yoshitada gave themselves , or ''haikai'' pen names; Bashō's was , which was simply the ''on'yomi'' (Sino-Japanese reading) of his adult name, "". In 1662, the first extant poem by Bashō was published. In 1664, two of Bashō's hokku were printed in a compilation. In 1665, Bashō and Yoshitada together with some acquaintances composed a hyakuin, or one-hundred-verse ''renku''. In 1666, Yoshitada's sudden death brought Bashō's peaceful life as a servant to an end. No records of this time remain, but it is believed that Bashō gave up any possibility of samurai status and left home.〔Ueda 1982, p. 21.〕 Biographers have proposed various reasons and destinations, including the possibility of an affair between Bashō and a Shinto ''miko'' named , which is unlikely to be true.〔Okamura 1956〕 Bashō's own references to this time are vague; he recalled that "at one time I coveted an official post with a tenure of land", and that "there was a time when I was fascinated with the ways of homosexual love": there is no indication whether he was referring to real obsessions or fictional ones.〔Ueda 1982, p. 22.〕 He was uncertain whether to become a full-time poet; by his own account, "the alternatives battled in my mind and made my life restless".〔Ueda 1982, p. 23.〕 His indecision may have been influenced by the then still relatively low status of ''renga'' and ''haikai no renga'' as more social activities than serious artistic endeavors.〔Ueda 1982, p. 9.〕 In any case, his poems continued to be published in anthologies in 1667, 1669, and 1671, and he published a compilation of work by himself and other authors of the Teitoku school, , in 1672.〔 In about the spring of that year he moved to Edo, to further his study of poetry.〔Ueda 1992, p. 29〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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